Talent Planning in Operation of Business Coursework

Talent Planning in Operation of Business - Coursework Example It will also devise an induction plan covering important areas of management, timelines, and the roles of persons involved, as well as an induction programme for the new Manager’s first three months. The Queensland University of Technology has produced a document on Developing Workplace Induction, from which the Committee has borrowed some purposes and benefits of induction. These are to provide information, resources, and motivation for new employees. Information on the company’s policies, goals, and values, are vital during an employee’s first three months. These can aid the development of self-confidence and loyalty towards the company. Resources, such as a comfortable working environment, materials, tools, and personnel to assist the new employee, would be prepared beforehand. Without those resources, the employee could not reasonably function effectively or efficiently. Persons with whom he can liaise and consult for any clarification, greatly assist the employee to develop a sense of belonging. This will motivate him to seek training and contribute to the growth of the company. As the employee becomes confident that he has joined the right company, a good rapp ort is likely to develop among himself, his supervisor, and his colleagues. They can learn from him, he can adopt the company’s culture, and so the entire organization benefits in the end. The main purpose of developing an induction plan, and involving each department, is that the document can be a guide for the new employee. Feedback from department members is therefore very important. The Plan should allow the new member to practice new skills and use the new information gained. It should, therefore, have timelines for working, training, and assessment. Long before the employee arrives, the person who will greet, welcome, introduce him to colleagues, provide the training manual, and explain basic job functions on his first day, should all be in place. During his first month, a supervisor  should maintain contact, explaining rules, expanding training, assessing performance, and providing feedback on strengths and weaknesses.  

Comparison of A Good Man is Hard Essay Example for Free

Comparison of A Good Man is Hard Essay SETTING The setting of A Good Man is Hard to Find is in a place in Georgia, but the reader is not exposed to the description of the original setting. The story begins in a city that is not named where the family lives and takes the reader to many places where the family travels. There is Plenty of local color there are the old plantations that get passed, and Red Sammys roadside barbeque joint. For Love in L.A the story takes place on the Freeway of Los Angeles, where Jake, protagonist, lazy, self-absorbed and irresponsible, is driving along the freeway (Dagoberto, 2004). The similarity in the setting of the two stories is the fact that story happens as an experience of persons travelling. However the two stories are different because in A Good Man is Hard to Find it involves a family and the relationship to one another. This is not the dame case in Love in L.A where the story involves Jake who is driving along a freeway. CHARACTERS In Love in L.A Jake is presented as an irresponsible, self absorbed and lazy protagonist. This is seen when he hits Marianas car due to his carelessness. Jake is also dishonest when he gives Mariana wrong information regarding his address, phone number, and insurance information (Dagoberto, 2004). The main reason as to why he does this is for him to walk free from the consequences he is likely to face for hitting Marianas car. Mariana is the storys antagonist. She believes the information given to him by Jake and she gives her correct information to Jake, with hopes of becoming good friends. Despite the fact that he hits her car does not make to feel anger against him, but instead accepts his proposal. In A Good Man is Hard to Find the grandmother is seen as a manipulator. She does not want to go to Florida because she has relatives in Tennessee she  wants to see. She tries to change the mind of Bailey through a subtle style (Flannery, 1992). The Misfit despite being violent and a wanton killer, he has a different opinion to that of the grandmother. As much he knows that he is not morally upright, he also has the view that there are some people who are worse than him. He is consistent in these views, something that lacks in the grandmother. Bailey can be seen as submissive since he submits to his mothers request to visit the old plantation house. He is also ineffective when he fails to quiet his mother but in vain. Red Sammy Butts is honest as is seen by the trust that the grandmother has in him. He is gullible to fault. The two escaped criminals are cowards because they escape from the consequences that they are likely to face, having killed several people. The two children are adventurous as seen by their push to visit the old house their grandmother having said that it contained a secret panel. SYMBOLISM The freeway in Love in L.A is symbolic in that it makes Jake feel all the freedom provided by the open road, something that leads him into day dreaming. The car is also symbolic because it represents how well or bad he uses his freedom, basing on the fact that he is involved in an accident due to carelessness. In A Good Man is Hard to Find the grandmothers hat which she puts to show that she is a lady is symbolic in a way that it represents her moral code, which is misguided (Flannery, 1992). This is illustrated when she dresses in that specific manner, so that in case there is an accident, everyone would easily identify her as a lady. The Toomsboro town is mentioned in a manner that it sounds like a Tomb meaning that the family is headed for doom. Through the description of Misfits car, the writer brings out the picture of the ultimatum of the family. He uses a big black battered hearse-like automobile, instead of brand names like Cadillac, Lincoln and many others. THEMES In A Good Man is Hard to Find the main theme is good versus evil where  there is a confrontation with a superficial logic of goodness and a person who is embodies aspects of evil. She treats goodness just to appear decent, with the right manners and to paint of a picture of coming from a family of right people, which is a contrast as is seen when she meets the Misfit who acknowledges and accepts his true nature. In this piece, the writer brings out the nature of people to paint a picture which is in contrast of their true natures just to gain a social status among the people they interact with. In Love in L.A the main theme is love for self. This is seen as Jake is consumed with himself and the obsession he has with his car. He wants more for himself and for the main reason of getting more women. The author illustrates the nature of people in the society to always want more in life (Dagoberto, 2004). TONE In Love in L.A, The tone of the author brings out the fact that he might see himself in the main character, Jake. The author could be a good person who at one time struggled in the place of a bad guy. In A good Man is Hard to Find, the overall tone used plays a fundamental role in developing the plot of the story, which is retro respect, based upon the unforgiving terrain especially during the writing of the story. IRONY The title of the story,A Good man is hard to find is ironic because the grandmother refers the Misfit as a good man when she says, I know youre a good man I know you must come from nice people, (Flannery, 1992). which is not the case since the Misfit has escaped from prison and has killed his father. Irony is also evident in Love in L.A because of the continual longing for love which does not occur. Through Jake, love is developed in different fashions which do not suggest anything positive. He is seen as one with a love for image, daydreaming and self conceit, which does not represent the true meaning of the word love. MORAL CODES In Love in L.A, Jake has no moral codes. Despite the fact that he knocks Mirandas car, he does not make any efforts to honor the responsibility but instead tries hard to evade the situation by telling Miranda lies and giving him false information. He does not also mind about the conditions of other people but instead thinks about himself and does everything to get what he wants. In A Good Man is Hard to Find I think the grandmother does not have the qualities to be looked at as a good man since the image that she tries to paint is not what she truly is, she lives in deceit and does everything to get recognized (Flannery, 1992). This is the same scenario in the case of Misfit, who despite the fact that he sees himself as perfect, and that there are others even more dangerous than him, does not mean that he is morally upright. This is because he does not make any efforts in changing what evil he has done in the past. FINAL THOUGHTS I have learnt that there are many ways in which perceive love. Having read the two short stories, I discovered that people are of different opinions. This is illustrated by Jake as being in love with his car and self image, the same thing is seen with the grandmother, where he only loves the image that can be represented by her and not about the affairs of the other people. This is a moral lesson that we should learn and try as hard to always consider the affairs and statuses of other people before putting ours ahead. REFERENCES Flannery, O. (1992) A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories Chicago: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Dagoberto. G, (2004) Love in L.A. Chicago: Cengage Learning

Mass Media Violence and the Effect on Children :: Papers Argumentative

Violence in the media is a problem in American society today. The effect can be severe and widespread. The people exposed to this media violence are mostly children. They are very impressionable and imitate what they see, hear and are told by their friends. In this essay I will state my opinion and the opinions of several physiologists and other officials. Violence on television has been an issue that has plagued man from the day it was invented. Numerous shows depict violent acts such as rape, murder, and other such acts that many people consider inappropriate for adolescents. According to some studies the average child watches about 27 hours of television week. In some cases it is as much as 11 hours a day on a weekend. With the current amount of violence that is on television today these same studies estimate that the average child sees 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school. In 1992, there were over 1,800 acts of violence shown on television a day, over 360 those showed an act involving guns. Mediascope's National Television Violence Study found that 57% of television programs aired in 1994 and 1995, contained some violence most of these were cartoons. So the question is, should we ban violence from the television or should we just leave it the way it is? Some people believe that it should be banned from stations that show children?s programs to prevent the exposure of those children. Sometimes children see a great amount of violence on television, they begin to think that this is right and start to imitate the acts that they see on television, which are not the things that the parents want the children to learn from. One example of this is a thirteen-year-old boy who shot his best friend?s father and then put salt in the wounds. When he was asked why he did this he said that he had seen the same thing on a movie the day before. Psychological research has shown three major effects of seeing violence on television: Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others. Children may be more fearful of the world around them.. Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive or harmful ways toward others. Children who watch a lot of TV are less aroused by violent scenes than are those who only watch a little; in other words, they're less bothered by violence in general, and less likely to anything wrong with it.

Euthanasia Should Be A Legal Option Essay -- Euthanasia Essays

Euthanasia is a controversial subject, not only because there are many different moral dilemmas associated with it, but also in what constitutes its definition. At the extreme ends of disagreement, advocates say euthanasia, also known as physician aid in dying, is a good or merciful death. Opponents of euthanasia say it's a fancy word for murder. There are reasons that would make a person lean toward the side of euthanasia, and there are also reasons that would turn someone away from euthanasia. The arguments against euthanasia include the church's view on the topic of suicide. The arguments in favor of euthanasia include the patients wish to have dignity. However, regardless of the patients wishes, suicide is against the law. If a person has a living will, it would allow the doctors to lawfully end any life preserving treatment. Without a living will this cannot be done. The decision to allow a patient to end his or her life is clearly not an easy one. The courts feel that unless there is a living will to state what the patient would want to be done, the authorities must try to save the patient. The law does not require that everything must be done to keep a patient alive. Some people feel that keeping a patient alive against his or her wishes is not only cruel and inhumane, but it is also contrary to law and practic e. However, for centuries now, physicians in training have been taking the ?Hippocratic Oath?. This oath is taken from the Greek physician Hypocrites who lived thousands of years ago. The ?Hippocratic Oath? imposes on two duties: to prolong life, and relieve suffering. The problems come about because these two duties are often in conflict. The question most of the time is to decide when prol... ...y four hours a day, and I knew my illness was incurable, I would probably want to put an end to that suffering. I would not want my family and loved ones around see me suffer. Also, I would want to die with as much dignity as possible. But then again, I am not in that situation, so I am not positive that is what I would want to do, you just have to be in the situation to make the best possible decision. Bibliography: 1. Friedman,Emily. Ethics Issues For Health Care Professionals. Baskerville: American Hospital Publishing, 1986. 2. Maguire,Daniel. Death By Choice. Garden City: Doubleday & Company,1984. 3. Reich,Warren. Quality Of Life. New York: Paulist Press, 1990. 4. Brody,Baruch. Life And Death Decision Making. New York: Oxford University Press,1988. 5. Chapman,Carleton. Physicians,Law,& Ethics. New York: New York University Press,1984.

Behavioural Aspect of Budgeting in Public Sector Essay

Budgets are part of management control designed to promote the efficient use of resources and providing support for other critical functions. The extent to which any budget is successful is very much dependant on its acceptance and the attitudes of workers towards it. This paper focuses on the crucial role of the behavioural aspects of budgeting and how an understanding of its importance can contribute to a successful budgeting process. It describes the nature of budgeting and analyses the budgeting process in organisations. The paper shows why budgeting is important to firms and describes the impact budgeting has on human behaviour such as motivation and dysfunctional behaviour. The behavioural aspects of the budgeting process are also examined. Finally, the public sector budgeting process is analysed, focussing on the need to tackle Beyond Budgeting issues in the 21st century whereby organisations budget without a budget. In the literature review, it was found that there was no perfect means of ensuring a successful budgeting process but there was general agreement in many areas of how the process might successfully assist. As with most concepts, there were mixed opinions on some issues such as benefits of participation as opposed to non-participation. What was common is the view that the budgeting process in particular and management control systems in general cannot afford to ignore the impact of behaviour on these processes. Key words: Beyond Budgeting; behavioural aspects; budget and human behaviour; budgeting process; and public sector/service budgets The Nature of Budgeting Almost every enterprise, regardless of size, complexity or sector, relies heavily on budgets and budgetary systems to achieve strategic goals. The success and importance of budgeting relates to the identification of organisational goals, allocation of responsibilities for achieving these goals, and consequently its execution (Shah 2007; Robinson 2007; Drake and Fabozzi 2010). It is one of the most successful and useful management accounting techniques that can reap handsome rewards if properly understood and implemented. The process of budgeting involves setting strategic goals and objectives and developing forecasts for revenues, costs, production, cash flows and other important factors (Jr. Bierman 2010; and Bonner 2008). By putting together a financing and investment strategy in place, this will allow those responsible for financing of the company to determine what investment can be made and how these investments will be financed. â€Å"In other words, budgeting pulls together decisions regarding capital budgeting, capital structure, and working capital.† (Drake and Fabozzi 2010: 115). The end result of the process is the production of the formal document referred to as a â€Å"budget†.

Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay Essay Example

Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay Essay Example Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay Essay Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay Essay Peoples should do more of an attempt to maintain factors of their life private. For illustration when you see some people on Facebook updating about what they had for breakfast. I do non believe we need to cognize that isn’t them genuinely showing themselves nevertheless that seems to be what they think they are making. You shouldn’t express yourself via the cyberspace it should be what you do in certain state of affairss and how you do it that express who you are. Today. many seem to non to desire to maintain some enigma about them. In add-on. the cyberspace does do this hard as all you have to make is ‘Google’ person and you can happen out where they live. work. what their avocations are and even who their household are. Initially. the fact you can happen this information so easy is improbably chilling. Besides it takes off the enigma of run intoing person and acquiring to cognize them when you can flick through their Facebook images and happen out what they wore last Christmas. We expect people to esteem our privateness but so we go and post all our inside informations. this makes us dissemblers. I understand non everyone may make this but the bulk do. if you post images on the cyberspace. set your name and figure anyplace you are giving off your privateness. Even the authoritiess can non esteem our privateness. They put security cameras on every corner. in every edifice. Intelligibly they prevent and solve offenses but as a consequence it removes our privateness. Besides. it is a immense factor in being a ‘nanny state’ where we no longer have any privateness or the freedom to do determinations. They should esteem our privateness and swear their people. However. should they esteem our privateness if we think we have the right to cognize about their private lives? For illustration. we know all about Arnold Schwarzenegger’s love kid but should we be privy to this information it doesn’t affect is ability to make his occupations. Besides football participants are a good illustration as many of them have personal businesss but it doesn’t affect how they play. Why do we cognize intimate inside informations of their life? Why do we experience we have the right to it? We wouldn’t want everyone in our street cognizing inside informations like that allow entirely desiring it to be common cognition internationally. We should esteem their privateness every bit long as it does non impact how they act publically. In decision. even though the media may non esteem some individual’s privateness and the authoritiess may take ours as a bi-product of protecting us people should do more of an attempt to maintain some factors of their life private. As I said at the get downing people should retain some enigma and express themselves genuinely by what they do and how they do it. Yet. they may experience free to show themselves by stating us about their breakfast if it is a humourous anecdote or an interesting metaphor.

The Duties and Objectives of Elementary School Teachers

The Duties and Objectives of Elementary School Teachers The role of a teacher is to use classroom instruction and presentations to help students learn and apply concepts such as math, English, and science. Teachers prepare lessons, grade papers, manage the classroom, meet with parents, and work closely with school staff. However, being a teacher is much more than just executing lesson plans. In todays world, teaching is a multifaceted profession; teachers often carry the roles of a surrogate parent, class disciplinarian, mentor, counselor, bookkeeper, role model, planner, and many other related roles. Elementary school teachers play an important role in the development of students. What students learn in their formative years can shape the men and women they will become. The Third Parent The role of a teacher is clearly more than just planning and executing lesson plans. In some senses, because the teacher spends so much time with the students, she or he can become the students third parent. Teachers can be a constant positive role model for their students, particularly for children that lack a solid family foundation. Of course, the teachers role as a semi-parent depends to a large extent on the age and grade of the children they teach. The kindergarten teacher develops basic skills in her children that are necessary to excel and progress to the next year, while a teacher in the intermediate grades teaches specific information about a particular subject. A Teachers Role in Todays World Teachers roles today are considerably different than they used to be. Teachers were once issued a specific curriculum to teach, and a set of instructions on how to teach it, using the same methods for all students. In todays world, a teachers role is quite multifaceted. Their job is to counsel students, help them learn how to use their knowledge and integrate it into their lives so they will become valuable members of society. Teachers are encouraged to adapt learning methods to each individual students learning, to challenge and inspire them to learn. The modern teaching profession is also about taking on broader roles to promote education. Teachers often: Work with politicians, colleagues, and community members to set clear and attainable standards for their studentsParticipate in the decision making that helps to deal with the problems that affect the students learningMentor new teachers to prepare them to teach the youth of today Teacher Duties Duties of elementary school teachers include: Planning lessons that teach specific subjects, such as math, science, and EnglishTeaching lessons in whole-group or small-group configurationsAssessing and evaluating students abilities, strengths, and weaknessesPreparing students for standardized testsCommunicating student progress to parentsDeveloping and enforcing classroom rulesSupervising children in extracurricular activities (such as lunch, playground)Conducting in-class activitiesPlanning field trips Teacher Standards In the United States, standards for teachers are set by state and federal law and supported by state and national teacher organizations such as the National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers. In addition to regularly scheduled parent-teacher conferences and open-houses, many schools have parent-teacher organizations, in which parents have an opportunity to discuss their concerns about the roles of teachers in schools today. Resources and Further Reading â€Å"Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers.† Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Department of Labor, 8 May 2019.Ryan, Mary, and Terri Bourke. â€Å"The Teacher as Reflexive Professional: Making Visible the Excluded Discourse in Teacher Standards.† Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, vol. 34, no. 3, 24 Aug. 2012, pp. 411-423.Taack Lanier, Judith. â€Å"Redefining the Role of the Teacher: Its a Multifaceted Profession.† Edutopia, George Lucas Educational Foundation, 1 July 1997.

Real Estate Law Terminology in Cyprus essayEssay Writing Service

Real Estate Law Terminology in Cyprus essayEssay Writing Service Real Estate Law Terminology in Cyprus essay Real Estate Law Terminology in Cyprus essayThe ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¿Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (market value) of the Cyprus real estate property market is growing. The market value is the price at which the real estate property in Cyprus is traded in a competitive environment. Companies operating in the industry have to obtain the ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ´ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ®Ãâ€š (building permit) which is the legal permission to construct buildings and ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ´ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¡Ãâ€°Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ã  (division permit) which is the building permit that allows reconstruction or change of existing buildings. Constructing companies or owners of buildings can obtain the division permit, unless the building is ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ (indivisible), i.e. unless the building cannot be changed because it is the part of historical heritage, for example. Buildings and other facilities comprise ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ·Ã Æ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (immovable property) which are solid buildings that cannot be removed or deconstructed.At the same time, owners of the real estate property should be aware of ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (compulsory acquisition) that means the right of the government to own the property from private owners under certain conditions, such as construction projects of the national scale or historical value of the land, where property is locate. The government may also use ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ®(compulsory partition) which is the obligatory government acquisition of a part of the real estate property under certain conditions, such as war, historical heritage, national projects, or other reasons. In such a situation, real estate property owners have to accept the ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ½ÃŽ »ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (compulsory sale) which is the obligatory sa le of the property, as a rule to the government. The compulsory sale is used to compensate the loss of property for private owners. In addition, there is a possibility of ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃÅ'Ï‚Î ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¡Ãâ€°Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'Ï‚ (compulsory division) when the real estate property undergoing the compulsory acquisition undergoes restructuring with the preservation of a part of the property for private owners and a part of the state. At this point, the definition of the price of the real estate is very important. The price may be established in terms of ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'Ï‚ (consolidation), when the price is determined as the period of indecision ends with a price of the real estate property breaks beyond the restrictive barrier. However, sellers and buyers may confront the risk of ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃÅ'Ï ÃŽ µÃâ€¦ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (prohibition), which is the legal ban of sale of real estate property. If there is no prohibition, the real estate property may undergo ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'ÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (acquisition), when the real estate property is purchased by a buyer from a seller. After the acquisition, the new owner can have ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'ÃŽ »ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·(enjoyment), which is the benefit obtained from the real estate property. There are the following types of types of real estates and respective benefits owners canreceive: ÃŽ ±Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ­ (arazimerie), ÃŽ ±Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€ž(arazimevat), ÃŽ ±Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃŽ ²ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦Ãâ€ ÃŽ ­(arazimevkoufe), ÃŽ ±Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃŽ ºÃŽ ­ (arazimemlouke).At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that ÃŽ ±Ã Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃÅ'Ï„Î ·Ãâ€žÃŽ µÃâ€š (antiquities), which are historical items belonging to ancient epoch, are not sold in terms of real estate. The ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'Ï‚ (alien) is the property that may be estranged from its owners under existing legal norms. ÃŽ ² ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ã Ãâ€ ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ·Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ µÃ ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (vakf property) is the form of property in Cyprus, which implies the unconditional and permanent dedication of property with implied detention of the property in the ownership of God. The property and benefits from it can be extinguished from the owner and applied for the benefit of mankind, unless prohibited by Islam.The ÃŽ ³ÃŽ · (land) is the physical area defining the location of the real estate property is subject to sale. ÃŽ ³ÃŽ µÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃŽ ³Ã ÃŽ ±Ãâ€ ÃŽ ®(general registration) is essential for the real estate property in Cyprus after the construction or acquisition. After the acquisition, the new property owner should send the ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ½Ãâ€°ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (notice of acquisition), which is the legal form of informing the authorities about the purchase of the property.The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ µÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃâ€¦Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®Ã Ãâ€¦ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (road widening scheme), for example, may be essential for the safety of the local transportation system that will involve compulsory partition or acquisition to buy out the real estate property in Cyprus. Another example of such purchase of real estate property is the construction of ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'ÏÆ'ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š ÃŽ ´Ã ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (public road) which naturally involves the deconstruction of some buildings including real estate property of private owners.Nevertheless, ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ­ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'Ï…Î ¼Ãâ€ ÃŽ µÃ ÃÅ'ÃŽ ½Ãâ€žÃâ€°ÃŽ ½ (bundle of rights) has to be respected that means that all stakeholders should respect the property and related rights of property owners. In this regard, one of the main stakeholders’ rights is the right to ÃŽ ´ÃŽ µÃÆ'Ï€ÏÅ'ÃŽ ¶ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ (dominant tenement), which is the right to have the property, where the individual resides and which is the main property, wh ere the property owner is registered.   Furthermore, ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ® (tenure) comprises the core subject to legal issues associated with the ownership and transition of rights of real estate property because tenure is the residence that is in one’s possession.The property may be purchased not only in terms of compulsory sale but also by means of ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬Ã ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (auction), which is the public trading of the real estate property, where the buyer offering the highest bid purchases the real estate property. In fact, the real estate property at the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ µÃÆ'ÃŽ ·(disposal), i.e. legal ownership or the right to manage and trade the property, can be traded in any way, either through contract with buyers or through auctions. The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (order of acquisition) is another step in the purchase of the property which involves steps leading toward t he full or partial ownership of the real estate property. The rights to real estate property may be also transited to heirs of the real estate property after his/her death by ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¡ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®Ãâ€šÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'ÃŽ ½Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (administrator of a deceased). The administrator of the deceased may be replaced by or perform the role of the ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ µÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃÆ'Ï„Î ®Ãâ€šÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ ®ÃŽ ºÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (executor of will), who acts according to the will of the deceased person.  The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€žÃŽ ±ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'χÎ µÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (Retention Order) determines how the real estate property remains in the ownership of the property holder. The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±Ãâ€¡ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®Ãâ€š (administrator) can manage the property at the stage of the transfer of the property from a ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¬Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (transferor), who is the current owner of the property to the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃÅ'χÎ ¿Ãâ€š (transferee), who is the future owner of the property. The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± (right) to real estate property becomes intact as soon as a buyer and seller or a transferor and transferee sign a contract. The ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃÅ'ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦(right of way)= ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (right of passage) provides an individual, for example an administrator, with the right to transmit the real estate property to a transferee or buyer.At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that real estate property owners have the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±Ã Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±Ãâ€š (right of usufruct), which is the right to use two property interests of usus and fructus, which are interests of possession and obtaining profits from the property. In addition, real estate owners have the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ®Ãâ€š à Æ'Ï…Î ³ÃŽ ºÃâ€¦Ã ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ (co-owner’s option), which is the option of mutual possession of property and respective exercising of this right. At the same time, citizens of Cyprus as well as foreigners have the ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ºÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (right of habitation), which is the right to reside in real estate property, without having the right of possession of that property. In addition, they have the right of ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±(easement), which is the right to enter and use the real estate property without owning it. The easement involves the concept of ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃ ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ (servient tenement), which is the land subject to easement. The owner of the property that is subject to easement is the ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃŽ ³ÃŽ µÃŽ ³Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€šÃŽ ºÃ Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (registered owner), who possesses the real estate property but may not necessarily live there. The ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃŽ ³Ã ÃŽ ±Ãâ€ ÃŽ ® (registration) is the official assignment of the real estate owner to the particular property, where he/she is supposed to reside and which is the address of his/her judicial reference. The ÃŽ µÃŽ ³ÃŽ ³Ã ÃŽ ±Ãâ€ ÃŽ ® ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®Ãâ€š ÃŽ ±Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'φÎ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š (memo) regulates relationships and agreement between owners of the property and individuals living there. The memo may regulate relations between ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¸Ãâ€°Ãâ€žÃŽ ®Ãâ€š (lessor), who gives his/her real estate property to use to individuals, who wanted to reside in the real estate property by means of the ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¸Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ · (lease), which is the agreement between parties that determine owners and residents of the real estate property. Parties signing the memo are ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ±Ãâ€š (assignees). They should also sign a security agreement that makes them ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ±Ãâ€šÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'φÎ ¬ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹Ã Æ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š(assignee of security), who assigns the agreement as   the resident of the real estate property, and the ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€¡Ãâ€°Ã ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ®Ãâ€šÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'φÎ ¬ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š(assignor of security), who is the owner of the real estate property. The individual who initiates the assignment of the agreement is an ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€¡Ãâ€°Ã ÃŽ ·Ãâ€žÃŽ ®Ãâ€š (assignor). Parties involved in the agreement have to determine the ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ± (assessed value), which comprise the marketing value of the real estate property as assessed by the parties and agreed with both parties. The ÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€¡ÃÅ½Ã ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¸Ãâ€°ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·Ãâ€š(assignment of a lease) is the agreement between parties involved in the lease relations. Each part has the ÃŽ µÃŽ »ÃŽ µÃâ€¦ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ µÃ ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±(liberty) either to sign or not to sign the lease agreement. At the same time, the agreement is based on the ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯ÃÆ'Ï„ ÃŽ µÃâ€¦ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ± (trust), which implies that parties involved in the agreement trust each other in terms of the execution of the agreement. The owner and leasor of the property have the right to ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬Ã ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¬Ã ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (encumbrance), which is the right to, interest in and legal liability on real estate property that does not prohibit passing title to the property but diminishes its value. The agreement may take into consideration such financial issues as the ÃŽ µÃŽ ¼Ãâ‚¬Ã ÃŽ ¬ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€°ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±(real interest), which is the nominal interest rate minus inflation to secure profits of the property owner.At the moment, Cyprus attempts to balance its real estate property legislation with that of the EU. Cyprus attempts to match European legal norms and coordinate its legal regulations with legal norms and policies introduced by the ΕυÏ Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃÅ ÃŽ ºÃŽ ®ÃŽâ€¢Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ® (E uropean Commission), the head body of the executive branch of power in the EU, and the ΕυÏ Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃÅ ÃŽ ºÃÅ'ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¿Ã ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿(European Parliament), the head body of the legislative branch of power in the EU. The introduction of common rules is essential because of Cyprus’ integration in the EU. The disrespect to EU legal norms may result in lawsuits filed by citizens of Cyprus to the ΕυÏ Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃÅ ÃŽ ºÃÅ'ΔÎ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ®Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿ (European Court), which is the major body of the judicial power of the EU. For the same purposes, Cyprus focuses on the ÃŽ µÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ® (unification and redistribution), which implies ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ±ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'Ï‚ (consolidation) in terms of the implementation of the harmonized rules and norms of Cyprus and the EU.Citizens of Cyprus can purchase the real estate property through mortgages, which are bank loans obtained from banks to purchase the property. The ÃŽ µÃŽ ½Ãâ€¦Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€šÃŽ ´ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ®Ãâ€š(mortgagee) is a person, who takes the loan to purchase the property, while the ÃŽ µÃŽ ½Ãâ€¦Ãâ‚¬ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¸ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€šÃŽ ¿Ãâ€ ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ ­Ãâ€žÃŽ ·Ãâ€š(mortgagor) is the bank or another financial institution, which provides the loan to purchase the property. At the same time, citizens of Cyprus should take into consideration the concept of ÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ­Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ µÃ ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ± (undivided share) which comes into action, when one co-owns the property and has his/her undivided share that cannot be taken or bought from him/her without his/her consent. The ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€žÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±Ãâ€š(requisition) is the request to perform certain legal actions in regard to the property, such as the request to sell one’s share in the property. The ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¯Ãâ€žÃ ÃŽ ¿Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (trustee), i.e. the one who wants to take legal right to manage the property, can request such a right from the owner of the property. The owner, in his/her turn, can use his ÃŽ µÃâ‚¬ÃŽ ¹Ãâ€ Ã ÃŽ »ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ÃÅ½ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ±Ãâ€žÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š (reservation of right), which allows him to reserve some rights, such as the right to sell the property, for him/herself and this right will not be trusted to any third party. Along with the private owners of the real estate property there are ÃŽ µÃâ€¦Ã Ãâ€°Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ±ÃÅ ÃŽ ºÃÅ' (ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€žÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃÅ') ÃŽ ºÃŽ µÃŽ ºÃâ€žÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ (community acquis) , which are public owners of the property and such property is owned by local communities and managed by their authorities.

Violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violence - Research Paper Example In order to determine whether messages related to spanking should be attributed to influencing parents or caretakers to spank their children whenever they engage in any form of wrong doing, the appropriate study would be to survey parents or caretakers and interview them on the frequency with which they receive messages related to spanking, and whether they consider the messages that they receive while disciplining their children. In this case, once the frequency of spanking is identified based on the messages that parents and caretakers receive, it would be possible to determine if the messages attributed to spanking play an essential role in influencing the spanking mechanisms. Secondly, the data was gathered from mothers only despite the fact that there are other caretakers who play the role of disciplining children. Therefore, the paper should have considered the information from all the caretakers in order to provide room for understanding the context of discipline and informati on sharing in a household. In case the information was gathered from other caretakers or even the fathers to the children, they would provide other information related to their perception towards spanking, and the alternative mechanisms that they adopt in case they oppose spanking as a means of disciplining a child (Walsh, 2000). For instance, the way in which a father can discipline a child is not the way a mother can do it. To investigate how fathers perceive the issue of spanking, the questionnaires should contain questions that target fathers based on how they view spanking differently from mothers. Questions should be raised on the different approaches they adopt to discipline their children, and which they perceive to be different from the ones that their mothers adopt. There are also those children who are kept under the care of their grandparents. Because of their age, they would not be able to undertake spanking like the way the parents of the children do it. They might not even consider spanking at all as this would demand a lot of strain from them. Since the time for recall with respect to how often parents spank their children was more than six months, the mothers could have forgotten the frequency with which they spanked their children. As a result, the time for recall should be reduced significantly so that parents could be able to provide appropriate details based on how often they spank their children. The time for recall in this case should be approximately two months since this would provide room for gathering appropriate details and analysis on whether spanking is adopted on a frequent basis to serve as a way of disciplining the children. While gathering data from a population, it is crucial to consider diverse groups since they would provide room for the generalization of the results that are generated. This would create room for the realization of appropriate results as opposed to considering just a single group from a population. The samp le for the study came primarily from white people that were based in Midwestern cities (Walsh, 2000). This made it difficult to generalize the findings from the study. Therefore, in order to ensure that this issue is addressed, the study should have considered people from various

What strategies can policy makers employ to promote successful policy Essay - 1

What strategies can policy makers employ to promote successful policy implementation - Essay Example The researchers of this generation have identified that the research implementation process is not as simple as it is thought to be and there are a lot of complications that need to be considered. This generation has identified that there are several factors that are involved in the implementation of policy and these factors somehow influence the policy implementation therefore it is important to identify and consider these factors as well (Hill, 1997) On the other hand, the second generation is a bit realistic and it is considered as the classical generations to be too pessimistic. The scholars in the second generations are Berman, O’Toole and O’Toole and Montjoy, Hjern and Porter, and Tasmanian and Sabatier. This generation has kept its focus on the top-bottom approach and bottom-top approach. This generation has debated whether the top-bottom approach or bottom-top approach should be implemented for successful results. This generation has demonstrated that the implementation is a political process and to a great extent ignored other factor which has been later criticized by the third generation (Pitts, 2006). The last but not the least generation is the third generation or the analytical generation. This last generation is called the analytical generation as the researchers in this generation have more focused on the methods being used rather than the results that have been achieved. This generation has been criticized both the previous generations for ignoring the social factors. This generation called for better methods and more social factors within the implementation process. It could be said that this generation was not concerned regarding the failure or success of the process but were more interested in learning and understanding how the process works. This generation was more focused on improving the methods and procedures that could used to implement the policy successfully. Implementation,

Strategic management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategic management - Assignment Example It will be noted that competitive advantage is created when a company is able to make its products and services the preferred option for customers within a market where competitors are offering products and services of the same nature or kind (Carter, Daniel and Betty, 2006). For competitive advantage to be achieved, the need for a critical understanding and appreciation of what the customer wants is very important. This is because the customer is always the end user of the product and service that the company offers. With the immediate direction and scope where the company wants to prioritize the interest of customers in product and service innovation, there is every hope that competitive advantage will be created because the company will offer precisely what the customer wants from the hospitality and tourism industry that it is not getting from other competitors. QUESTION TWO The business approach to strategic management is selected as the most suitable framework for Thomas Cook G roup to maximize its strategic impact with key stakeholders. This business approach to strategic management framework is however made up of a number of strategic options that makes it very important for the company to be highly critical in its selection of an appropriate strategic. Generally, two strategic approaches namely sociological approach and industrial organizational approach will be identified. Though each of these two approaches will at any point in time help a company in achieving some level of strategic success with its stakeholders, the use of industrial organizational approach is opined as the optimum strategy among the suitable framework that can bring about strategic development with stakeholders. The reason for this point is that in the use of industrial organizational approach, companies are admonished to take up the combined use economic theory and assumptions. Under economic theory, considerations are base for key economic factors such as resource allocation, com petitive rivalry and economies of scale. Meanwhile, in the current global economic crunch, these economic factors are very important for the achievement of economic growth and development. This is because based on economic theory, the company will be offered the opportunity to naming its competitive rivalry and know how to rightly allocate its scarce resources in a manner that presents a better competition against the competitor. With reference to assumptions also, Thomas Cook Group will be allowed the use of rationality, profit maximization and self discipline principles to compete (Carter, Daniel and Betty, 2006). QUESTION THREE In the current state of global economic recession within which Thomas Cook Group is forced to compete and growth as a leader in the hospitality and tourism industry, the effective management of resources and competences would be the only remedy to ensure that the company survives the recession. This is because world economic crunch is generally associated with cut downs and limitations in resources and competences. This situation is created because the input into resource availability of companies hardly synchronize with the resource output that the company undertakes (Breiman et al, 2009). With the scarcity therefore, effective

Criminal justice Writing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal justice Writing Assignment - Essay Example The America’s Supreme Court has ruled that the capital punishment should reflect and express the conscience of the United States residents, and that its application must be measured against the community’s evolving decency standards. This current report indicates that 65 percent of US inhabitants do not believe that this form of punishment is deterrent to murder. Furthermore, over 30 percent believe that their moral beliefs would exclude them from serving on a death case. About 50 percent of the Americans today prefer the death penalty while about 40 percent prefer life in prison without parole, whereas 10 percent are undecided (William 8). There are several reasons why capital punishment needs to be abolished. First and foremost, capital punishment is an act of Murder. Its use is so arbitrary and violates the prohibition of eighth amendment from severe punishment. This eighth amendment requires that sentencing discretion in cases of capital be structured according to objective standards so as to eliminate discrimination and arbitrariness. Capital punishment is viewed as the cold-blood killing of an individual by the government in the name of justice. Therefore, the use of capital punishment in the United States should end because it is seen as the ultimate denial of human rights. This punishment is inhuman and it violates the rights of an individual. This punishment should not continue to be in use because there can never be justification for cruel treatment or torture (William 16). In addition, since 1975, over 150 individuals have had their capital case convictions overturned. 300 cases of non-capital have overturned since 1990 after DNA testing. Such mistakes sway the public confidence in the system of capital punishment. Nevertheless, capital punishment should be abolished because it is used in a discriminatory

Raising Children in the Digital Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Raising Children in the Digital Age - Essay Example This essay describes the issue when television and the internet is being used in the schools, in social networking, and in the entertainment, cultural, as well as political arenas. Many children have become so engaged in using these media to the exclusion of others, and to the point where their dexterity in using these media have surpassed that of their parents. The researcher states that many concerns on the appropriate use of these media have been raised based on issues which relate to representations of sex and violence in the television as well as concerns on pornography and child endangerment. These concerns have prompted considerations on the implementation of age bans on the use of the television and the internet. Despite these concerns, the current age of globalization and information technology clearly manifest the benefits of television and internet use among children. With these benefits, children should be exposed to television and the internet and not be banned from usin g them until a certain age. Children should in fact be exposed to media and not be banned until a certain age. The researcher then concluds that although the internet and the television have inherent dangers, these dangers reflect more on the insufficient guidance which parents and teachers have on the children. It is also concluded that with adequate guidance and supervision, these children will be able to gain the information and the full benefits of these media without falling into the dangers or risks of internet and television use.

Criminal justice Writing Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal justice Writing Assignment - Essay Example The America’s Supreme Court has ruled that the capital punishment should reflect and express the conscience of the United States residents, and that its application must be measured against the community’s evolving decency standards. This current report indicates that 65 percent of US inhabitants do not believe that this form of punishment is deterrent to murder. Furthermore, over 30 percent believe that their moral beliefs would exclude them from serving on a death case. About 50 percent of the Americans today prefer the death penalty while about 40 percent prefer life in prison without parole, whereas 10 percent are undecided (William 8). There are several reasons why capital punishment needs to be abolished. First and foremost, capital punishment is an act of Murder. Its use is so arbitrary and violates the prohibition of eighth amendment from severe punishment. This eighth amendment requires that sentencing discretion in cases of capital be structured according to objective standards so as to eliminate discrimination and arbitrariness. Capital punishment is viewed as the cold-blood killing of an individual by the government in the name of justice. Therefore, the use of capital punishment in the United States should end because it is seen as the ultimate denial of human rights. This punishment is inhuman and it violates the rights of an individual. This punishment should not continue to be in use because there can never be justification for cruel treatment or torture (William 16). In addition, since 1975, over 150 individuals have had their capital case convictions overturned. 300 cases of non-capital have overturned since 1990 after DNA testing. Such mistakes sway the public confidence in the system of capital punishment. Nevertheless, capital punishment should be abolished because it is used in a discriminatory

Race And Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Race And Ethnicity - Essay Example The Act and its subsequent amendments offer protection regardless of whether an individual propagates racism deliberately or not in the society (Tonry, 1998: 49). However, racial discrimination persists in British society a situation that has resulted to serious social crisis in the country. Access to medical services is one sector where racism and racial discrimination is prevalent in Britain. Findings from research study conducted by Smedley (2001) established that people from minority groups in United Kingdom experience worse health than those from the majority group. (Smedley, 2001: 25). Though there are various opinions regarding these findings, noted that the minority groups experienced many socioeconomic challenges that undermined their access to medical care. In health sector, Smedley, (2001) argues that perceptions attributed to the biological and cultural differences of the minority groups undermine their accessibility to health in Britain (Smedley, 2001: 37). These percept ions are usually used to justify unfair medical attention in health care institutions across the country. The study established that these negative perceptions prevented minority groups from interacting with medical staff in the country. The minorities face other additional social-economic challenges such as poor economic status and when these unjustified perceptions are included, access to good medical care becomes a difficult challenge. According to Benzeval et al (1992), racial discrimination in the United Kingdom affects health of the minorities in various ways. They include poor sanitation and living conditions, which arises from inequitable distribution of resources, poor treatment due to lack of resources... This paper stresses that health care system in the United Kingdom lacks important aspects, which perpetuates racial discrimination in the sector. These include lack of representative medical staff from the minority groups, insufficient policies and regulations to address patients from minority groups, in addition to very few users from the minority ethnic groups. Other aspects in the health sector include lack of medical staff qualified to work in ethnically diverse environment and poor relationship with non-governmental organisations that provides care to the minorities. Another major area of racial discrimination in Britain is the criminal justice system. In United States, African Americans a minority race continue to suffer from high levels of criminal injustice especially in capital offenses and imprisonments. This report makes a conclusion that the British government has made commendable efforts in ensuring that racial discrimination is eliminated, incidents of racial discrimination persists in the society and in institutions. This trend points to the widely construed notion that regards particular social group of people to certain characteristics. Regrettably, the ascribed notions have been used to draw and direct inhuman treatment to that particular group. In this regard, it is important for all British citizens to realize that respect for human dignity especially to the minority groups is the ideal measure of the country’s social economic development. This can be attained by ensuring equal access to justice, health, employment, education and in the political structure of the country.

From Poland to USA Essay Example for Free

From Poland to USA Essay Life, for me, has always been about taking risks in order to fulfill our dreams. Sometimes, we are required to face the difficult challenges in order to succeed in life. Originally, I am from Poland, and five years ago, I decided to move to the United States to fulfill my dreams. Moving to the United States was a very big leap from my end. My determination to succeed in life has been my driving force for survival in a country away from mine. My dream of acquiring a degree from an American college was now within reach. All I needed was a little bit of luck, and a handful of determination. The first few years I spent in the United States was a struggle. I had to learn a new language and adapt a new culture. I found myself adjusting to a new environment, where I was able to appreciate the new things that surrounded me. Living a life in New York was something out of the extraordinary. To fend for myself, I took on odd jobs, from being a waitress, to a cashier, and a paralegal for different employers. Although I was living a comfortable life, I was not contented with what I had. I wanted to enhance myself by continuing my education. I wanted so much to be a successful career woman. Although I had acquired a Masters degree in Sociology, I still wanted to pursue a Masters degree in Public Administration. I have always been ambitious and determined to achieve my goals. A new degree will help me enhance my knowledge about things, and eventually help me to be of service to the United States. New York City faces many issues that require the implementation of new policies. With the education provided to me, I may be able to face such and do the necessary changes for the betterment of society. The knowledge I have acquired from studying Sociology has given me a well rounded education in liberal arts, that may be used to my advantage in my future careers. Having a fulfilling career definitely means a lot to me. The education that this university will give me will help me become a more diverse individual. In addition to this, I may be able to integrate my Polish culture with that of the Americans, that may be used to my advantage in further job opportunities.

Public Participation Planning

Public Participation Planning The purpose of this Literature Review is to establish a theoretical framework for my research proposal, specifically the theoretical aspects associated with public participation and collaborative planning. It aims to analyse and assess the various articles books and journals published and researched to date, while also identifying potential gaps in the research, which could be addressed by my research proposal. The literature review will take the form of an assessment of the emergence of public participation, the different types of participation and decision making models, followed by an analysis of the merits of collaborative planning as a tool for facilitating public participation within a development plan process. 2.2What is meant by participation? Although the merits of public participation have only begun to gain credence in recent times, the idea itself has been around for quite a while and literature on the subject can be found spanning back a number of decades. Public Participation has been defined as citizen involvement in making service delivery and management decisions (Langton, 1978). More recently it has been defined as ‘the process through which stakeholders influence and share control over priority setting, policy-making, resource allocations and access to public goods and services (Kende-Robb, 2005). Sanoff argues that it is advocated to reduce citizen cynicism toward government, build stakeholder consensus in government and enhance administrative decision-making. There remains a strong sense that the proper objective of participation is to ensure the ‘transformation of existing development practice, and more radically, the social relations, institutional practices and capacity gaps which cause social exclusion. This was central to many of the approaches to participation over the years including the community development approach from the 1940s to 1960s; political participation in the 1960s and 1970s; alternative development from the 1970s to the 1990s; social capital from the mid 1990s to the present and participatory governance and citizen participation from the late 1990s to the present day (Hickey Mohan, 2004). Other traditional participation mechanisms include public hearings, citizen forums, community or neighbourhood meetings, citizen advisory groups, individual citizen representation and focus groups (Wang, 2001). The focus on increasing public participation and citizen involvement in policy making has only begun to have a visible effect in recent times. It has been stated that direct, active citizen involvement in policy making has not always been a goal of civilised societies (Putnam, 1995). The reason is, to some extent a result of the enlarged role in society played by government bureaucracies (Davidoff, 1965). Habermas however states that individuals should be able to freely share their views with one another in a process, which closely resembles true participatory democracy. He states that the public sphere is â€Å"a discursive arena that is home to citizen debate, deliberation, agreement and action† (Habermas, 1981). By allowing every person the same opportunity to participate in discourse, Habermas hopes to eradicate the prejudices which limit marginalized groups from fully attaining their rights in a democratic society. The difficulty with recent models of participation is that citizens are more often reacting to plans rather than proposing what they see as appropriate goals for future action. This is certainly the case in Ireland, where participation is almost always reactive in nature. However, in the last decade this has begun to change and public participation is becoming an established part of planning and policy decision-making practice (Cameron Grant-Smith, 2005). Participation Versus Consultation Even though the term ‘participation is used to describe public involvement in policy and decision making, it must be recognised that there are various levels at which a person may participate and in many cases what is referred to as public ‘participation is not in fact participation at all. In the late 1960s, Sherry Arnstein developed an 8 rung ‘Ladder of Citizen Participation with each rung corresponding to the extent of the citizens power in influencing a final outcome (Arnstein, 1969). Arnstein developed this Ladder while involved in developing processes for citizen participation in planning and renewal projects in America (see figure 1). At the bottom of the ladder are rungs 1 (Manipulation)and 2 (Therapy). Both are non participative and the aim is to cure or educate the participants. The proposed plan is deemed best and the job of participation is to achieve public support by public relations. Rungs 3 (Informing), 4 (Consultation) and 5 (Placation) demonstrate slightly higher levels of tokenistic participation, however too frequently the emphasis is on a one-way flow of information with no channel for feedback. Rung 6 (Partnership) can be described as meaningful participation, as power is in fact redistributed through negotiation between citizens and power holders. Planning and decision-making responsibilities are shared e.g. through joint committees. It is at this partnership level that the collaborative planning model aims to operate. Rungs 7 (Delegated Power) and 8 (Citizen Control) affords ‘have-not citizens the majority of decision making seats or full power and is the holy grail in terms of citizen participation. Figure 1: If participation is to be real and effective there must be dialogue between the different stakeholders and between those who have power (those at the top of the ladder) and between those who have little or no power (those at the bottom of the ladder). There must be a two way flow of information between the parties involved. However there is no dialogue in consultation which is what has traditionally been considered ‘participation in a development plan process in Ireland. The planning authority consults the public normally after a plan has been prepared by seeking feedback through public meetings and public comment. ‘Participation in Ireland essentially consists of proposal and response the planning authority proposes a plan for a community and members of the public respond through making a submission. This submission is often made without any direct contact with officials in the planning authority so in effect there is no dialogue of any form, thereby illustrating that what is refered to as ‘participation in a development plan process in Ireland is in fact consultation. However, with public participation now becoming central to National, European and International policy, as well as being an important aspect of the sustainable development discourse, such tokenistic participation is no longer adequate. The introduction of the Planning and Development Act 2000 has resulted in a requirement on planning authorities to produce their statutory plans through a process that involves greater public input at the earlier stages. They are now required to develop a somewhat more participatory approach to planning than was previously the case. The Aarhus Convention, which took place in 1998, and the 2003 Public Participation Directive which followed on from the convention, also provide members of the public with opportunities for early and effective participation on plans or programmes relating to the environment. The increase in emphasis on public participation has meant that alternative models of planning need to emerge to facilitate and respond to this increas e and the collaborative planning model is one such response. 2.4Participation in Physical Planning Decision Making There has been much debate about the most effective methods of facilitating citizen involvement in policy formulation and decision-making. A useful approach that provides a basis for analysing processes of decision-making in planning is that developed by Innes and Booher (2000) and this will be discussed first, followed by an analysis of other participatory models of decision making that have emerged in recent times. The Innes and Booher approach identifies four different models of decision making technical/bureaucratic, political influence, social movement and the collaborative model as well as identifying when and where each model works best, which ultimately depends on the levels of diversity and interdependence present (see diagram). Source: (Innes and Booher, 2000) The technical/bureaucratic model works best where there is neither diversity nor interdependence among interests. A bureaucratic system is set up to implement known policy and the technical analyst is associated with rationality and bureaucracy. Technicians and bureaucracies essentially respond to a single set of goals and decision maker, and the typical practice is one where analyses are not focussed on interdependencies. Within this model, the focus of planning is on the achievement of the most efficient mechanism for reaching easily defined and identified needs. The political influence model works best where there is a high diversity of interests, however there is normally a low interdependence of interests, as each individual is focussed on their maximising their own interest only. In this model there tends to be a political bargaining approach that seeks to get an adequate number of interests to agree to a particular course of action in order for it to work. The social movement model recognises the importance of high levels of interdependence among a coalition of interests and individuals, but which does not deal with the full diversity of interests. Collaboration therefore is seen as the model that deals best with both diversity and interdependence ‘but is typically the least-used and least-institutionalised of the four models (Innes and Booher, 2000). Both the technical/bureaucratic model and the political influence models of planning and decision making, as proposed by Innes and Booher, reflect the lower levels of participation as identified by Arnstein, with the ‘convincing nature of the technical/bureaucratic model comparing significantly with need to ‘educate and ‘cure participants on Arnsteins tokenism rungs. The technocratic approach to planning which was the dominant planning model for much of the twentieth century has been severely criticised for its failure to adequately incorporate the values and interests of stakeholders into the decision making process. This criticism of technocratic planning was fuelled by the growing protests of stakeholders over expert-formulated plans in areas such as natural resource management, environmental regulation, transportation, and urban renewal, that were clearly contrary to the interests of large segments of society (Gunton and Day 2003). Planning theory responded to t he criticism and limitations of the technocratic approach by acknowledging the role of goals and objectives identified through democratic political processes (political influence model) to set the framework in which plans were prepared (Davidoff 1965). Planners, previously experts under the technocratic umbrella were relegated to determining optimal means to achieve politically set goals within this new participatory environment. The unresolved question in this new goals-based planning theory was how the goals should be determined. The initial and somewhat vague response was that goals should be determined by citizen participation in the planning process, however it was not clear how this was to be achieved (Gunton and Day 2003). Dahl suggested that pluralism was another vehicle that would allow individual citizens to have their concerns voiced in government, a concept developed by Davidoff in the 1960s interlinked with the idea of the planner as an advocate for the under-represented (Dahl, 1989). Unlike the ‘advocacy planning that Davidoff proposes (different planners acting as advocates for different interests), most city and town planning is performed by a single planning authority which develops plans, which it feels will best serve the welfare of the whole community, not of individual interest groups (LeGates and Stout, 2000). Davidoff argues that different groups in society have different interests, which would result in fundamentally different plans if such interests were incorporated into these plans. The articulate, wealthy and powerful groups have the skills and resources to influence plans to take account of their own interests while the poor and powerless do not. Advocacy Planning introduces the idea of planners acting as advocates, articulating the needs of the poor and powerless, the same way as a lawyer represents a client (Davidoff, 1965). The problem with advocacy planning, however, is that it did not provide a framework for resolving disputes among competing interest groups and therefore cannot be seen as an adequate method for dealing with the various conflicts that are emerging in modern day planning. Dahl sees pluralism as a situation where individuals join interests groups that represent their needs and wants. These interests groups then come together to debate their competing viewpoints and create a collective public policy that should reflect the common good. The more interest groups that exist, the greater the conflict, and the greater the likelihood that decision making will reflect that common good (Dahl, 1989). However, Lowi on the other hand argues that pluralism often fails to represent the collective good, and instead represents the needs and wants of special interest groups (Lowi, 1979). Davidoffs idea of pluralism is slightly different from Dahls, in that citizens or interest groups should go one step further and produce an alternative plan to what he sees as the ‘unitary plan prepared by the planning authority, and the advocate planner can be central to the process by representing certain interest groups. A final model, often referred to as alternative dispute resolution, also emerged as a way of engaging stakeholders in the development of plans by allowing stakeholders to negotiate a consensus agreement to resolve the dispute (Susskind and Cruikshank 1987). However the alternative dispute resolution does not appear to provide a satisfactory model either, as it is reactive in responding to disputes that have already arisen instead of proactive. In essence, this limits its effectiveness as a planning tool. It is evident therefore that to date, the existing models of decision making have had limited success with regard to facilitating public participation. However as our societies and communities are now becoming more diverse and less homogenous than ever before it would seem an alternative model is required to facilitate and acknowledge these changes. 2.5The Collaborative Planning Model Innes and Booher (2000) note that in situations where there is a clear interdependence between stakeholders interests and there exists a high diversity of such interests that a different model of planning and policy making is needed. This model is known as collaborative planning. It emerged as a distinct planning paradigm in the 1990s and is a logical extension of alternative dispute resolution (Gunton and Day 2003). ‘The collaborative model is about stakeholders co-evolving to a common understanding, direction and set of heuristics†¦. It is only the collaborative model that deals both with diversity and interdependence because it tries to be inclusive and to explore interdependence in the search for solutions. It does not ignore or override interests, but seeks solutions that satisfy multiple interests. For complex and controversial issues in rapidly changing and uncertain contexts issues that there is public pressure to address collaboration among stakeholders is likely to be the best approach indeed the only approach that can produce a satisfactory result. (Innes and Booher, 2000, p21) This model is a new framework for planning which proposes that spatial planning activity move from the traditional narrow, technical and procedural focus towards a communicative and collaborative model for achieving common purposes in the shared spaces of our societies (Healy, 1997). For Healy, collaborative planning seems not to be an end in itself, but a path to â€Å"co-existence in shared spaces.† Like Innes and Booher, Healy also believes that a collaborative approach can be successful only where there is a variety of stakeholders interests, because if all the interests are the same then no dialogue is required. Healys version of collaborative planning emerged after she analysed the shortcomings of conventional forms of governance and styles of planning, namely economic planning, physical development, public administration and policy analysis, advocacy planning, neo liberalism and utilitarianism. The conceptual base for collaborative planning as Healy sees it, consists of two theoretical strands, an ‘institutionalist sociology and ‘communicative dialogue. The institutionalist theory states that spatial planning processes need to be judged by the quality of the process, i.e. the way the decision is made is just as important as the actual decision. It also seeks to identify and analyze forms and relations of power between people, beyond that of class and categories. The communicative approach offers a way forward in the design of governance processes for a ‘shared world and takes an ethical commitment to enabling all stakeholders have a voice. It deals with the design of governance systems and practices, focusing on ways of fostering collaborative, consensus building processes. This approach outlines a number of necessary components for a collaborative model to be successful. Consensus building practices are important, as they help to ensure that no stakeholder finds a particular outcome intolerable. It is important that an individuals position at the top of the ladder is not maximized at the expense of the individual at the bottom; there should be equality. It recognizes three forms of reasoning instrumental/technical (the mechanisms for public decision making), moral and emotive/aesthetic. It argues that there has been a predominance of the first, at the expense of the other two. Within the public sphere, moral and emotive reasoning must be afforded an equivalent status, to achieve balance. There is also a need for recognition of the growing cultural differences that there now is. She also points out that polices and processes need to be designed to relate to the experience of globalization and multi-cultural societies, as older planning practices do not take these into account. Leadership is not about bringing stakeholders around to a particular planning content but in getting people to agree and ensuring that, whatever the position of the participants within the socio-economic hierarchy, no groups interests will dominate (Healy, 1997) Another approach to collaborative planning is that which emerges from the work of John Forester, an American planning theorist, who focuses on the communicative role of the planning analyst. His view is that planners within organizations do not work instrumentally towards the achievement of clearly distinguishable ends. Instead he sees the role of the planner to: ‘†¦work instead toward the correction of needless distortions, some systematic and some not, which disable, mystify, distract and mislead others: to work towards a political democratization of daily communications. (Forester, 1989, p.21) Forester also states that: ‘†¦problems will be solved not only by technical experts, but also by pooling expertise and non-professional contributions too; not just by formal procedure but by informal consultation and involvement; not mainly through formally rational management procedures, but through internal and external politics and the development of a working consensus; not by solving an engineering equation but by complimenting technical performance with political sophistication, support building, and liaison work (p. 152) Forester therefore recognizes the communication and negotiating elements of planning, as well as its technical elements. He also recognizes the political nature of planning and the extent to which the planner is engaged in value laden political action. 2.6Strengths and Weaknesses of Collaborative Planning Advocates of collaborative planning cite many advantages of the collaborative model relative to other models of planning. Firstly, the chances of reaching a decision on a plan are a lot higher, because stakeholders are incorporated in the process from the outset to help reach a solution, rather than remaining as critics outside the process (Gunton and Day 2003, Susskind et al. 2000). Secondly the dynamic interaction of the stakeholders is likely to produce a plan that is in the public interest as more alternatives are generated and the consensus decision rule ensures that the mutual interests of all parties are at least partially catered for in the plan (Frame et al, 2004). Thirdly, the plan produced at the end of the process has a greater chance of being implemented, because stakeholders who might otherwise attempt to block the implementation have developed the plan and will help implement it because they have a stake in the outcome. Finally, collaborative planning helps to create à ¢â‚¬Ëœsocial capital among the stakeholders, improving their skills, knowledge and stakeholder relationships which last beyond the process of creating a plan (Gunton and Day, 2003). However, the collaborative planning model also has its critics and a number of weaknesses and challenges to the approach have been identified. Firstly, collaborative planning is founded on the principle of stakeholders negotiating with one another to agree on an outcome. In some cases, more influential and powerful stakeholders will avoid or undermine the process by using delaying tactics, or pursuing alternative means to achieve their objectives if they do not like the outcome of collaboration (Frame et al, 2003). Secondly, the need to achieve consensus may encourage stakeholders to seek second best or vague solutions when they cannot reach the best possible agreement (Gunton and Day, 2003). Cooper and Mckenna (2006) and Fainstein (2000) also state that the need to achieve consensus has meant that participatory exercises often concentrate on issues where agreement is more likely to be achieved and avoids those which are likely to cause difficulties. Thirdly, the time and resources r equired to organise a process around large group of diverse stakeholders is quite substantial. This is compounded by the potential lack of support or interest from planning officials who are unwilling to delegate the decision-making responsibilities to outside stakeholders (Wondolleck and Yaffee, 2000, Fainstein, 2000). Also, established statutory fora comprising of local elected representatives are relatively neglected, while project staff must spend huge amounts of time, energy and money organising and servicing local public meetings, stakeholder meetings, public surveys and follow up consultation exercises. This often leads to a situation where projects become characterised by ‘consultation paralysis, a condition where nothing can be done because yet someone else must be consulted or re-consulted (Cooper and McKenna, 2006). Finally, relying on stakeholders that have little or no specialised training may lead to the exclusion of important scientific information in the decisi on making process, thus resulting in poor decisions being made. Fainstein (2000) also cites what she sees as a number of other weaknesses with the collaborative planning approach including: Action/implementation is often a problem, because parties in the process are not honest about their intentions and purposes It ignores the role of the powerful and their capacity to impede the implementation of agreed actions The process is usually too drawn out and resource hungry If the planner/expert acts as facilitator only, new and creative thinking can be stifled and only those that are incrementalist in nature will emerge There is evidence that experts acting on their own often come up with better solutions than stakeholders operating in a collaborative process It is evident from the above that collaborative planning approaches have many strengths and weaknesses, however it would appear that the potential benefits to the community from using such an approach outweigh potential negatives. COLLABORATIVE PLANNING IN IRELAND In the past number of years, there have been many attempts to develop models for community development and planning that aim to achieve higher levels of participation than previous models. Such models include the ADOPT model, the Bantry Bay Charter and Integrated Area Planning (IAP) to name but a few, while the Village Design Statement (VDS) could also be considered as an attempt at achieving higher levels of participation through a more collaborative approach. The ADOPT model, which was pioneered by Ballyhoura Development Ltd, is aimed at providing local area-based communities with a framework for participation in community development at a local level. The model also aims to tackle the lack of co-operation within the community sector, and weak research and planning by communities who are participating and contributing to local planning and development activities. It seeks to develop a strong community representative structure, an umbrella group that brings together representatives of the various bodies and groups within the community to ensure that activities are not being duplicated and that real needs are being addressed. This umbrella structure, along with the training and capacity building that the model promotes, supports communities and their representatives to play a meaningful role in partnership functions with Stage agencies and other bodies (Pobal, 2003). The Bantry Bay Charter was a project initiated by Cork County Council with the main objective being to develop a model and strategy for successful coastal zone management. By developing a stakeholders charter it was possible to develop an agreed approach to the management and development of the Bantry Bay area. In doing so, the process brought together the different stakeholders and interest groups of the area, as well as the agencies involved in regulating and developing the area. The Charter is based on the understanding that the regulatory agencies need to work in partnership with the local community for the successful management and development of the area. It explored the use of consensus, where all those who are stakeholders work together, to develop a single agreed approach to its development. Similar to these models is a model of collaborative planning developed by Tipperary Institute (TI), a third level education institution specialising in the area of Sustainable Rural Development called Integrated Area Planning. Integrated Area Planning is a concept that first emerged through the 1999 Urban Renewal Scheme, introduced by the Irish Government and which involved a more targeted approach to the award of urban renewal incentives. This model is multi-focused and is based on the premise that development of an area should emerge from a broadly based not take place in isolation but should emerge from a broadly based Integrated Area Plan (IAP), taking into account the social, environmental, economic and cultural needs of a community. Integrated Area Planning has been defined by TI as an empowering, practical and participatory process to collect, analyse, and compile information while developing the skills and structures needed to prepare and implement an inclusive and multifacet ed plan for a defined geographical area. The development of the IAP model was influenced to a great extent by planning theorist Patsy Healy and central to the model is the requirement for consensus to be reached on all issues before the process can be moved forward. The IAP model contains many key steps, which must be carried out including: Contracting Phase Pre-Development Phase Data Collection Establishment of a Steering Group Capacity Building of the Steering Group Establishment of Visions and Objectives Establishment of task groups Drafting Stage Validation Approval Implementation Using the IAP model, TI became involved in a number of community planning projects in Ireland including: Crusheen Co. Clare, Kinvara and Eyercourt Co. Galway, Ferbane Co. Offaly, Hacketstown Co. Carlow and Kilmacthomas in Co. Waterford. In each of these cases, the communities, in partnership with the relevant authorities prepared plans for their areas. Two of the key stages in the process are establishing the steering group and task groups. The steering group is elected by the community and it is contains a representative from the various different stakeholders in the process. The steering group plays an important role in the whole IAP process as they are responsible for driving the process forward. The task groups on the other hand are smaller groups, which are made up of members from the community and statutory agencies. The task groups are responsible for carrying out research on particular topics, such as the environment, infrastructure etc and they then report back their finding s to the steering group. The IAP process is quite resource demanding and generally takes over 12 months to complete. CONCLUSION It is clear from the above that the issue of participation and the models, which attempt to facilitate it, are central to the planning and environmental fields in both Ireland and abroad. Some of the collaborative planning models that have been developed in Ireland have multiple aims, one of which is to impact on the statutory Local Area Plan process and outcomes, including those implemented in Kinvara, Ferbane, Hacketstown and Kilmacthomas. However having reviewed the literature it is evident that there has been a clear lack of research focussing on the assessment of such collaborative planning models in Ireland. In order to assess the extent to which the IAP model in Kinvara was successful, an examination of the entire process is required. To this end, the examination required will entail more than just the IAP process itself, but also its impact on the LAP process as well as an assessment of the level of implementation that has taken place to date. Bibliography: Arnstein, Sherry R., (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation, Journal of the Institute of American Planners, Vol. 35 (4), pp 216-24. Connick, S., Innes J., (2001) Outcomes of Collaborative Water Policy Making: Applying Complexity Thinking to Evaluation, Working Paper 2001-08 Dahl R, (1989). Democracy and its Critics. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Davidoff, P, (1965) Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning, Journal of the American Institute of Planners DeSario, J. Langton S, (1987) Fainstein, S.S. (2000). ‘New directions in Planning theory, Urban Affairs Review, Vol.35, Issue 4, March, pp.451-78 Frame, Tanis M., Thomas I. Gunton, and J.C. Day. (2003). Resolving Environmental Disputes through Collaborative Planning. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. Frame, Tanis M., Thomas I. Gunton, an

Cystic Fibrosis Essay example -- essays research papers

Cystic fibrosis is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disease of white Indo-Europeans (Caucasians). Three main systems are usually affected by cystic fibrosis. These include the lungs and respiratory tract, the digestive tract (especially the pancreas and intestines) and the sweat glands. The lungs will normally have a thick mucus line them in cases of cystic fibrosis which requires physiotherapy to dislodge the mucus and create sputum. The digestive enzymes that would come from the pancreas are blocked by the thick mucus; thus the person afflicted with the disease has trouble digesting foods that are high in fat and protein. In cases that involve cystic fibrosis the salt that is lost during perspiration is much more than in "normal" situations. The upper respiratory tract is normally lined with a little bit of mucus that is sent out of the lung by the constant movement of the cilia that line the respiratory tree. "It is clear from detailed research that poor mucus clearance is not due to uneven ciliary beating. However, there is no doubt that mucus is poorly cleared against gravity in the presence of bacterial infection" (Harris 13-14). The pancreas itself secretes fluids that aid in the digestion and absorption of food in all of us. When cystic fibrosis is present these enzymes are not going where they are needed. Most of the time there is need for supplemental nutrients, supplemental minerals, and/or dietary management. In the case of dietary management there is a plan for seven to eight small meals throughout the day. "This meal pattern enables the patient to consume more food without feeling too full and enhances the utilization of nutrients" (Ekvall 391). The sweat gland of a cystic fibrosis patient, when viewed under the microscope appears normal. The secretions that the gland gives off are where the abnormality occurs. "It is known that the basic defect in cystic fibrosis is expressed as an abnormal regulation of the movements of salt across the layer of cells that line certain specialized ducts such as the sweat gland duct" (Harris 26). This causes a great deal of salt loss and therefore requires most cystic fibrosis patients to ingest salt pills to compensate for the loss. When all of the treatments are used together most patients of this fateful disease live long happy lives. The physiotherapy... ...te as easily. Whether it is because the treatment did not get started early enough, or the disease is out of control death is a factor that must be considered in most cases involving cystic fibrosis. Death will come to all of one day, but it may come earlier to some. The problems that some families may have with their communication can cause great pain and suffering when it comes time to dealing with the death of a loved one. "The long standing problems of communication that exist in many family groups may be accentuated when the prospect of death shows itself" (Bowers 58). Cystic fibrosis is a disease that can take the life of some one who is very close to our hearts. Education of the treatments, side effects, and problems involving this disease is key to winning the battle against it. The more people can know about different situations that better. If there is some one in a school that has this disease try to educate the entire school about this person's situation so that the entire student body can help in the fight. If educators and students all join in the fight, this disease can be kept down and help those afflicted lead as "normal" a life as possible.

Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Essay -- Operations Project M

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavioral aspects of project management consist of many different areas that a project manager must master. The organizational culture is one area that can take time to master for many project managers. The culture of an organization can be the success or the failure of a project. Management must share common beliefs and values and be willing to stand by them at the most critical times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The personality of the project leader is critical to the project. The project leaders leadership will dictate if the project will be successful. The team has to believe in the manager and for this to happen the manager has to follow though with what they say they will do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To build and manage a successful project team the project manager must be skilled in many areas. The project manager has to be able to select team members that will fit in with the team, manage meetings skillfully, establish a team identity and vision, establish ways of rewarding the team as well as individuals, manage conflicts within and outside the team, and be able to rejuvenate the team over long projects. Organization Cultures Influence Organizational culture research has identified ten primary characteristics that lead to successful or unsuccessful teams within an organization. These characteristics will in turn affect the selection, sponsorship, prioritization, and ultimate success of all projects in an organization (Gray, Larson, 2011). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Member Identity – is the employee’s ability to identify with the organization. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team Emphasis – the activities of the organization in which the team or individuals are emphasized. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management focus – the decisions management makes that affect the employee’s. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unit integration – are teams within in an organization expected work independently or as a team. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Control – the oversight and control over an employee’s behavior. These types of rules and policies of the organization to oversee employees will dictate to the employee what is acceptable and what is discouraged. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Risk tolerance – this allows or sets limits on an employee and teams to have a certain amount of innovation and risk seeking. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reward criteria – the organizational culture to allow or disallow promotions and salary increases based on merit rather than nonperformance factors. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conflict tolerance – the limits at which em... ...ansferred to the actual project or the significance will lessen and not be effective (Gray/Larson, 2011). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The project manager has to be skilled in many areas of an organization and usually has to work under less than ideal situations. The areas noted earlier are important but probably the most important area is the behavior of the project manager. The behavior of the manager is critical for the success of any project. If the manager has a bad attitude then the team will be lacking in enthusiasm and the project will likely be over budget and not on schedule. Leading by example is hard, especially when stress of the project is mounting. Corporate leaders influence the managers who influence the employees the same goes for project managers leading teams. The project manager must have discipline and be constantly aware of how personal actions are perceived by others (Gray/Larson, 2011). Work Cited Gray, C.F., Larson, E.W. Operations Project Management: The Managerial Process, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011. Web 16 May 2015. http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/fayad/current.courses/cmpe203-fall2014/docs/ERM/Project%20Management%205th%20Edition.pdf Behavioral Aspects of Project Management Essay -- Operations Project M   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The behavioral aspects of project management consist of many different areas that a project manager must master. The organizational culture is one area that can take time to master for many project managers. The culture of an organization can be the success or the failure of a project. Management must share common beliefs and values and be willing to stand by them at the most critical times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The personality of the project leader is critical to the project. The project leaders leadership will dictate if the project will be successful. The team has to believe in the manager and for this to happen the manager has to follow though with what they say they will do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To build and manage a successful project team the project manager must be skilled in many areas. The project manager has to be able to select team members that will fit in with the team, manage meetings skillfully, establish a team identity and vision, establish ways of rewarding the team as well as individuals, manage conflicts within and outside the team, and be able to rejuvenate the team over long projects. Organization Cultures Influence Organizational culture research has identified ten primary characteristics that lead to successful or unsuccessful teams within an organization. These characteristics will in turn affect the selection, sponsorship, prioritization, and ultimate success of all projects in an organization (Gray, Larson, 2011). 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Member Identity – is the employee’s ability to identify with the organization. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Team Emphasis – the activities of the organization in which the team or individuals are emphasized. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Management focus – the decisions management makes that affect the employee’s. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unit integration – are teams within in an organization expected work independently or as a team. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Control – the oversight and control over an employee’s behavior. These types of rules and policies of the organization to oversee employees will dictate to the employee what is acceptable and what is discouraged. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Risk tolerance – this allows or sets limits on an employee and teams to have a certain amount of innovation and risk seeking. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reward criteria – the organizational culture to allow or disallow promotions and salary increases based on merit rather than nonperformance factors. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conflict tolerance – the limits at which em... ...ansferred to the actual project or the significance will lessen and not be effective (Gray/Larson, 2011). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The project manager has to be skilled in many areas of an organization and usually has to work under less than ideal situations. The areas noted earlier are important but probably the most important area is the behavior of the project manager. The behavior of the manager is critical for the success of any project. If the manager has a bad attitude then the team will be lacking in enthusiasm and the project will likely be over budget and not on schedule. Leading by example is hard, especially when stress of the project is mounting. Corporate leaders influence the managers who influence the employees the same goes for project managers leading teams. The project manager must have discipline and be constantly aware of how personal actions are perceived by others (Gray/Larson, 2011). Work Cited Gray, C.F., Larson, E.W. Operations Project Management: The Managerial Process, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011. Web 16 May 2015. http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/fayad/current.courses/cmpe203-fall2014/docs/ERM/Project%20Management%205th%20Edition.pdf